非谓语动词不定式现在分词和过去分词作状语
2023-05-08 14:33:35
非谓语动词不定式现在分词和过去分词作状语
作状语的可以是不定式、现在分词、过去分词。
非谓语动词 用法
不定式 一般式表示的动作与句子主语是主动关系，且含有将来意义
可表示原因、目的、结果等
表示目的可置于句首，表示原因、结果置于句中
表示结果时一般含有出人意料之意，和前句之间往往有因果关系
现在分词 分词表示的动作与句子主语是主动关系，且含有进行意义
可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随等
表示结果置于句末，其他情况置于句末、句首均可
表示结果时含有“顺其自然而产生”之意，和前句之间往往有因果关系
过去分词 分词表示的动作与句子主语有被动关系，且含有完成意义
可表示时间、原因、方式、条件等，置于句首、句末均可
To pass the college entrance exam, we must work hard.为了通过高考，我们必须努力学习。
Being busy, she didn't reply to her father's letter.
由于忙碌，她没有回复她父亲的信件。
The plane crashed, killing all the people on board.
飞机失事，机上人员无一生还。
Born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.
出生在贫困家庭，他只上了两年学。
拓展
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking“一般说来”；frankly speaking“坦率地说”；judging from/by“根据……来判断”；to tell you the truth“说实话”；to be frank“说实话”；considering...“考虑到……”；supposing“假设”；given“假设”；provided/providing...“如果……”。
注意
only/just to...表示意想不到的结果，too...to...“太……而不能……”，so/such...as to...“如此……以至于……”，enough(for sb.)to...“(对某人来说)足够做某事”等是几种常用不定式表示结果的结构。
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致，即句子主语必须是非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者或承受者。但有时候无论非谓语动词采用哪种形式都不能使其逻辑主语与句子主语一致，此时非谓语动词需带有自己的逻辑主语，即构成“名词/代词＋不定式/现在分词/过去分词”形式的独立结构。
独立主格结构的特点是：独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的不定式、现在分词、过去分词是逻辑的主谓或动宾关系；独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
1) 名词/代词＋to do
动作没有发生，表示动作即将发生。
With so much homework to do, Tom looks sad. 有很多作业要做，Tom看起来很伤心。
2) 名词/代词＋v.ing形式
两者之间是主动关系，或表示动作正在进行。
The students seating themselves, the professor began his lecture.
学生们做好之后，教授开始了上课。
3) 名词/代词＋v.ed形式
两者之间是被动关系，或表示动作已结束。
Her glasses broken, she couldn't see the road clearly. 她的眼镜碎了，她看不清楚道路。
Grandma Moses is among the most famous twentieth-century painters of the United States，yet she did not start painting until she was in her late seventies．As she once said to herself：" I would never sit back in a rocking chair，waiting for someone to help me．" No one could have had a more productive old age．
She was born Anna Mary Robertson on a farm in New York State，one of five boys and five girls．At twelve she left home and was in domestic service until，at twenty-seven，she married Thomas Moses，the hired hand of one of her employers．They farmed most of their lives，first in Virginia and then in New York State，at Eagle Bridge．She had ten children，of whom five survived；her husband died in 1927．
Grandma Moses painted a little as a child and made embroidery pictures as a hobby，but only changed to oils in old age because her hands had become too stiff to sew and she wanted to keep busy and pass the time．Her pictures were first sold at the local drugstore and at a market and were soon noticed by a businessman who bought everything she painted．Three of the pictures exhibited in the Museum of Modern Art，and in 1940 she had her first exhibition in New York．Between the 1930's and her death，she produced some 2，000 pictures：detailed and lively portrayals of the country life she had known for so long，with a wonderful sense of color and form．"I think really hard till I think of something really pretty，and then I paint it" she said．
1．According to the passage，Grandma Moses began to paint because she wanted to________．
A．make herself beautiful B．keep active C．earn more money D．become famous
2．Grandma Moses spent most of her life________．
A．nursing B．painting C．embroidering D．farming
3．The underlined word “portrayals ”means________．
A．descriptions B．expressions C．explanations D．impressions
4．From Grandma Moses' description of herself in the first paragraph，it can be inferred that she was________．
A．independent B．pretty C．rich D．nervous
5．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？
A．Grandma Moses：Her Life and Pictures．
B．The Children of Grandma Moses．
C．Grandma Moses：Her Best Exhibition．
D．Grandma Moses and Other Older Artists．
